Par neaustiem
Neaustiem audumiem ir audums līdzīgs materiāls izgatavots no garas šķiedras, sajaukta kopā ar ķīmisko, Mehāniskās, termiskā vai šķīdinātāja apstrāde. Termins tiek izmantots tekstilmateriālu apstrādes rūpniecībā, lai apzīmētu, piemēram, filca, kas nav ne austi, ne trikotāžas.[1] Pēdējos gados, neaustu drānu ir kļuvuši alternatīva poliuretāna putām.[2]
Bez austiem ražošanas procesiem
Nonwovens parasti ražo, ievietojot mazas šķiedras kopā formā lapas vai Web (līdzīgi papīram uz papīra mašīnas), un tad tos saistošā ceļā vai_nu mehāniski (tāpat kā attiecībā uz filca, ar sasaistot tos ar robotas adatas, piemēram, ka inter-šķiedras berzes rezultātus spēcīgāku auduma), ar līmi, vai termiski (piemērojot stiprinājumu (pulvera veidā, Ielīmēt, vai polimēru kušanas) un kausējot saistvielu uz Web, palielinot temperatūru).
Staple neaustu drānu
Štāpeļšķiedrām neaustas tiek izgatavotas 4 Darbības. Šķiedras vispirms savērpta, samazināt līdz pāris centimetru garuma, un laiž ķīmes. Pēc tam tiek sajauktas štāpeļšķiedras, “Atvērt” daudzsoļu procesā, izkliedētas uz konveijera lentes, un izplatīties vienotā tīmeklī ar mitrā, salvete-kabatiņa, vai kārding/crosslapping process. Wetlaid darbības parasti izmanto 0.25 lai 0.75 Collas (0.64 lai 1.91 cm) garas šķiedras, bet dažreiz ilgāk, ja šķiedra ir stīvs vai biezs. Gaisa apstrāde parasti izmanto 0.5 lai 4.0 Collas (1.3 lai 10.2 cm) Šķiedras. Carding Operations parasti izmanto ~ 1,5″ garas šķiedras. Rayon izmanto, lai būtu kopīga šķiedra neaustu drānu, tagad ievērojami aizstāts ar polietilēntereftalātu (PET) un polipropilēna. Stiklšķiedras tiek mitrās uz paklājiem izmantošanai jumta seguma un jostas roze. Sintētisko šķiedru maisījumi ir samitrināts kopā ar celulozi vienreizlietotiem audumiem. Ikdienā neausta drānas tiek sajauktas termiski vai izmantojot sveķus. Līmēšana var būt visā tīmeklī ar sveķu piesātinājumu vai vispārējo siltuma galvojumu vai atšķirīgu modeli, izmantojot sveķu iespiešanu vai siltuma spot galvojumu. Atbilst štāpeļšķiedrām, parasti attiecas uz kombināciju ar izkausētu pūšanu, bieži izmanto augstas kvalitātes tekstilmateriālu izolācijās.
Kust-izpūstas
MELT-izpūstas neaustu drānu tiek ražoti ekstrudējot kausētu polimēru šķiedras caur spin tīklu vai mirt, kas sastāv līdz 40 caurumi collā veidot ilgi plānas šķiedras, kas ir izstiepts un atdzesē, laižot karstu gaisu pār šķiedras, jo tie nokrīt no mirst. Iegūtā Web tiek apkopota ruļļos un pēc tam konvertēta uz pabeigtajiem produktiem. Ļoti smalkas šķiedras (parasti polipropilēna) atšķiras no citiem ekstrūzijas, īpaši savērpta saite, in that they have low intrinsic strength but much smaller size offering key properties. Often melt blown is added to spun bond to form SM or SMS webs, which are strong and offer the intrinsic benefits of fine fibers such as fine filtration, low pressure drop as used in face masks or filters and physical benefits such as acoustic insulation as used in dishwashers. One of the largest users of SM and SMS materials is the disposable diaper and feminine care industry.[5]
Spunlaid nonwovens
Spunlaid, also called spunbond, nonwovens are made in one continuous process. Fibers are spun and then directly dispersed into a web by deflectors or can be directed with air streams. This technique leads to faster belt speeds, and cheaper costs. Several variants of this concept are available, such as the REICOFIL machinery.[6] PP spunbonds run faster and at lower temperatures than PET spunbonds, mostly due to the difference in melting points
Spunbond has been combined with melt-blown nonwovens, conforming them into a layered product called SMS (spun-melt-spun). Melt-blown nonwovens have extremely fine fiber diameters but are not strong fabrics. SMS fabrics, made completely from PP are water-repellent and fine enough to serve as disposable fabrics. Melt-blown is often used as filter media, being able to capture very fine particles. Spunlaid is bonded by either resin or thermally. Regarding the bonding of Spunlaid, Rieter [7] has launched a new generation of nonwovens called Spunjet. In fact, Spunjet is the bonding of the Spunlaid filaments thanks to the hydroentanglement.
Flashspun
Main article: Flashspun
Flashspun fabrics are created by spraying a dissolved resin into a chamber, where the solvent evaporates.
Air-laid paper
Main article: air-laid paper
Air-laid paper is a textile-like material categorized as a nonwoven fabric made from wood pulp.[8] Unlike the normal papermaking process, air-laid paper does not use water as the carrying medium for the fiber. Fibers are carried and formed to the structure of paper by air.
Other
Nonwovens can also start with films and fibrillate, serrate or vacuum-form them with patterned holes. Fiberglass nonwovens are of two basic types. Wet laid mat or “glass tissue” use wet-chopped, heavy denier fibers in the 6 lai 20 micrometre diameter range. Flame attenuated mats or “batts” use discontinuous fine denier fibers in the 0.1 lai 6 range. The latter is similar, though run at much higher temperatures, to melt-blown thermoplastic nonwovens. Wet laid mat is almost always wet resin bonded with a curtain coater, while batts are usually spray bonded with wet or dry resin. An unusual process produces polyethylene fibrils in a Freon-like fluid, forming them into a paper-like product and then calendering them to create Tyvek.
Bonding
Both staple and spunlaid nonwovens would have no mechanical resistance in and of themselves, without the bonding step. Several methods can be used:
thermal bonding
Use of a heat sealer
using a large oven for curing
calendering through heated rollers (called spunbond when combined with spunlaid webs), calenders can be smooth faced for an overall bond or patterned for a softer, more tear resistant bond
hydro-entanglement: mechanical intertwining of fibers by water jets (called spunlace)[9]
ultrasonic pattern bonding: used in high-loft or fabric insulation/quilts/bedding
needlepunching/needlefelting: mechanical intertwining of fibers by needles
chemical bonding (wetlaid process): use of binders (such as latex emulsion or solution polymers) to chemically join the fibers. A more expensive route uses binder fibers or powders that soften and melt to hold other non-melting fibers together
one type of cotton staple nonwoven is treated with sodium hydroxide to shrink bond the mat, the caustic causes the cellulose-based fibers to curl and shrink around one another as the bonding technique
one unusual polyamide(Cerex) is self-bonded with gas-phase acid
melt-blown: fiber is bonded as air attenuated fibers intertangle with themselves during simultaneous fiber and web formation.
Data Source: Wiki
